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- $Unique_ID{BRK03726}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Esophageal Atresia and/or Tracheoesophageal Fistula}
- $Subject{Esophageal Atresia Tracheoesophageal Fistula Atresia of Esophagus
- Tracheoesophageal Atresia Esophageal Atresia Tracheoesophageal Fistula
- Tracheoesophageal Fistula Esophageal Atresia VACTERL Association}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 930:
- Esophageal Atresia and/or Tracheoesophageal Fistula
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Esophagus Atresia
- and/or Tracheoesophageal Fistula) is not the name you expected. Please check
- the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions
- covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Atresia of Esophagus with or without Tracheoesophageal Atresia
- Esophageal Atresia
- Tracheoesophageal Fistula
- Tracheoesophageal Fistula with or without Esophageal Atresia
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- VACTERL Association
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula are disorders of the
- esophagus that may be inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait, or
- may result from developmental problems in a fetus. Esophageal Atresia is a
- condition in which the patient is born with an abnormality in the part of the
- digestive tube that runs from below the tongue to the stomach (esophagus).
- This disorder is commonly associated with Tracheoesophageal Fistula which is
- an abnormal tubelike passage between the windpipe and esophagus. Symptoms of
- these disorders may be excessive salivation, choking, the return of swallowed
- food into the mouth, and/or a swollen abdomen when a Tracheoesophageal
- Fistula is present.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula are disorders in which the
- patient is born with an abnormality in the part of the digestive tube that
- runs from below the tongue to the stomach (esophagus) and/or an abnormal
- tubelike passage between the windpipe and esophagus (tracheoesophageal
- fistula). Typically these disorders occur together but they may also occur
- alone. Symptoms of these disorders may be excessive salivation, choking, and
- the return of swallowed food into the mouth. When a tracheoesophageal
- fistula is present, the abdomen may be swollen due to air passing from the
- fistula to the stomach.
-
- Inflammation of the lung (pneumonitis) may occur due to the return flow
- of stomach contents through the fistula into the lungs. Lung tissue may
- collapse (atelectasis) from inhaling saliva and mucous through air passages
- into the bronchial tubes and lungs (tracheobranchial tree).
-
- Infection, dehydration and/or an imbalance of electrolytes (the elements
- in the blood, tissue and cell fluid needed in correct amounts for the use of
- energy) may also occur in some patients.
-
- Abnormalities of the skeleton, kidney, heart, anus and gastrointestinal
- tract have been found in some patients with this disorder.
-
- Causes
-
- Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula are disorders that may
- result from developmental problems of a fetus (with no known cause), or in
- some cases it can be inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait.
- Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the
- interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the
- mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a
- person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent.
- If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will
- be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk
- of transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are
- carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of
- their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five
- percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each
- parent, and will be genetically normal.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula are disorders that affect
- males and females in equal numbers. Approximately one in every 5,000 live
- births will be affected with some form of these disorders.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Esophageal
- Atresia and/or Tracheoesophageal Fistula. Comparisons may be useful for a
- differential diagnosis:
-
- VACTERL Association is a very rare combination of developmental
- abnormalities. VACTERL Association is an acronym for (V)ertebral anomalies,
- (A)nal atresia, congenital (C)ardiac disease, (T)tracheo (E)sophageal
- fistula, (R)enal anomalies, radial dysplasia, and other (L)imb defects.
- These symptoms are present at birth. Symptoms occur in various combinations
- and can be part of several other disorders. Related disorders such as the
- VATER Association and REAR Syndrome, which are composed of some of the same
- symptoms, have been expanded into the VACTERL Association. Nearly all cases
- have occurred sporadically (cause unknown), although some familial cases have
- been identified. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Vacterl
- Association" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- The presence of Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula are
- suspected when an infant has an abnormal amount of saliva, excessive
- coughing, choking, and/or returns swallowed food. The disorder is detected
- when a catheter (tube used to remove or return fluid) is unable to pass into
- the stomach and/or there is air found in the abdomen.
-
- Prior to surgical repair oral feedings may be withheld and a tube may be
- inserted into the upper esophagus to prevent material such as vomit from
- getting into the lungs and causing aspiration pneumonia.
-
- The esophageal atresia and /or fistula can be repaired surgically when
- the infant is over five and a half pounds, pneumonia free, and there are no
- other more serious abnormalities.
-
- Surgery may require several stages. The fistula may be tied off and an
- artificial opening into the stomach through the abdomen may be made. A tube
- is then inserted for feeding. This procedure is called a gastrostomy. An
- incision is made into the chest wall and the esophageal atresia and/or
- fistula are repaired.
-
- Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
- Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National
- Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is
- aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes
- malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and
- treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- September 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Esophageal Atresia and/or Tracheoesophageal Fistula,
- please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease
- Information Clearinghouse
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-3583
-
- For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns
- Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1090-91.
-
- BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief;
- Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 642-43.
-
- NELSON TEXTBOOK OF PEDIATRICS: 14th Ed.; Richard E. Behrman, M.D.,
- Editor: W.B. Saunders Company, 1992. Pp. 474, 940-41.
-
- GROWTH AND FEEDING PROBLEMS AFTER REPAIR OF ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA: J.W.
- Puntis, et al.; Arch Dis Child (January, 1990, issue 65(1)). Pp. 84-8.
-
- PRIMARY REPAIR WITHOUT ROUTINE GASTROSTOMY IS THE TREATMENT OF CHOICE FOR
- NEONATES WITH ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA AND TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA: D.W. Shaul,
- et al.; Arch Surg (October, 1989, issue 124(10)). Pp. 188-90.
-
- CARE OF INFANTS WITH ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA, TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA, AND
- ASSOCIATED ANOMALIES: T.M. Holder, et al.; J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
- (December, 1987, issue 94(6)). Pp. 828-35.
-
-